Introduction: The elbow is frequently involved in trauma and is one of the most frequently radiographed joint in emergency ward. Posterior fat pad displacement has been describing in a variety of disorder such as hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis and any condition that concomitant with joint effusion such as trauma. So it may be the manifestation of an Occult fracture as a result of trauma. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assessment the implication of posterior fat-pad sign in occult elbow fracture. Materials and Methods: This research is a prospective and descriptive study that carried out on 328 patients with the age under 18 years old and a history of traumatic elbow injury. All of patients with the radiographically positive posterior fat pad sign, without any intraarticular fracture were introduced in study. After 3 weeks the injury, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were made and evaluated for evidence of fracture healing (Periostial reaction). If there was evidence of new bone formation on any of this three radiographs, it was considered to indicate a fracture of elbow. Result: From 328 patients, 73% (242) were boys and 26% (86) were girls. 29(96)% of patients were posterior fat pad positive sign that 85% (82) of above patient after 3 weeks become positive they had evidence of a fracture and in 18% (14) of patient hadn’t any evidence of fracture. 82% (65) of patients had supracondylar fracture, 41% (5) a fracture of lateral condyl humerus, 1.64% (2) a fracture of medial condyl humerus.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of posterior fat-pad sign with the evidence of fracture in elbow is very high and need to evaluate the patients with occult fracture correctly is very important.

Background & Aim: Secondary amyloidosis (reactive) is an important late complication in chronic imflammatory disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of secondary amyloidosis in rheumatology patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and assess associated clinical and laboratory characteristics.Patients & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 220 consecutive patients (167 female/53 male) with a history of minimal 5 years of RA were selected from 2 rheumatology clinics during 2001-2003. Abdominal subcutaneous fat pad aspiration (ASFA) was performed and specimens were stained with congo-red and observed under polarized light microscopy. Clinical and laboratory characteristic were then assessed via t-test, chi-square test & SPSS software.Results: Amyloid was positive in 11 patients (5%) by ASFA and all had 1+ deposit. 7 (64%) patients had constipation and 6 (55%) of them had proteinuria.Conclusion: These Iranian patients with RA had a low prevalence of amyloid deposition, about half of them were subclinical. Follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether this subclinical amyloidosis will progress into clinically significant amyloidosis or not.

In poultry, the liver is the main organ for the synthesis of triglycerides (TG) and their secretion into the plasma. Secretion of TGs from the liver and their storage in adipose tissue of the abdominal cavity reduces the meat yield. There are controversial reports about the effects of garlic on the levels of TG in the serum and liver of poultry. In this study, different diets that contained various levels of garlic powder were assessed with regards to their effects on the levels of TG in serum and the liver, and on the abdominal fat pad. For this purpose,144 3male Ross broilers who were three weeks old were assigned into four groups of 36 birds each, and fed on diets that were supplemented with 1, 2 or 4% of garlic powder, or with a diet that was not supplemented with garlic (the control group). At the end of the fifth and seventh weeks of the study, 15 chicks of each group were bled and then sacrificed. The livers and abdominal fat pad were removed. Liver and serum TG were extracted and measured by spectrophotometry. The TG levels of serum and the abdominal fat pad were not affected by diet by the end of the fifth week, but diets that contained 2% and 4% garlic powder had a significantly decreased hepatic TG level in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). At the end of the seventh week, a significant decrease in serum and hepatic TG levels was found in the birds that were fed a diet that contained 2% and 4% garlic powder, respectively (p<0.05). Also, the diet with 4% garlic powder significantly decreased the weight of the abdominal fat pad in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). It is concluded that garlic powder has the potential to decrease the levels of TG in the serum and liver in broilers in a dose–dependent manner.

Buccal Fat Pad is an encapsulated mass of adipose tissue located within the buccal facial spaces, between the buccinator and masseter muscles. Intraoral traumatic herniation of Buccal Fat Pad, often seen in young children, has been reported as a rare case. In this report, we present a case of traumatic Buccal Fat Pad herniation which at first was misdiagnosed as a malignant tumor.

Background and Aim: Several surgical techniques have been so far used for treating CerebrospinalFluid (CSF) leakage (rhinorrhea) such as using abdominal fat or fascia lata, but these methods havecomplications such as the presence of several surgeons in variable fields in the operating room orcosmetic complications for donors such as the surgical scar. This study aimed to investigate usingbuccal fat pad for management of traumatic CSF leakage. Methods and Materials/Patients: In this clinical trial, 46 patients with traumatic CSF leakage wereenrolled according to inclusion criteria and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Buccal fat pad for the intervention and abdominal fat for the control were inserted in the defectof the anterior cranial cavity by applying endoscopic sinus surgery. The patients were followed upfor 1 year postoperatively. Results: All patients were improved with no recorded report of CSF leakage relapse. In theintervention group, temporary complications such as edema (18. 2%), numbness (9. 1%) andfacial asymmetry (9. 1%) were observed in resected buccal fat pad areas. Also the control groupall developed abdominal scar. The duration of surgery in the intervention group was significantlyshorter than control (P=0. 02). Conclusion: Using buccal fat pad for management of CSF leakage is a highly effective and reliablemethod which requires simple procedure with low cosmetic complication and short duration ofsurgery compared with other methods such as an abdominal fat graft. In addition, using buccal fatpad has better cosmetic results, so we suggest this surgical method for patients with CSF leakage

Introduction: This report compares the use of a buccal fat pad (BFP) to Oro-Antral–Fistula (OAF) closure.Materials & Methods: BFP was used as a pedicle graft to OAF closure in 13 patients. Five of the patients underwent primary closure with BFP and 8 patients were treated with BFP after an unsuccessful closure with a buccal advancement flap. The BFP was left uncovered to epithelialize in all patients.Results: The BFP healed without complication within 3 to 4 weeks in all patients. The surface of the fat converted to normal mucosa.Conclusion: The findings support the idea that BFP is a useful, safe, and easy method to close OAF, especially recurrent OAF.

Background and Aim: The oroantral fistula is one of the complications that might occur following extraction of upper posterior teeth. The use of pedicled buccal fat pad graft has recently been considered in the treatment of oroantral fistula. The aim of this article was to evaluate using pedicled buccal fat pad flap for closure of oroantral communications.Methods & Materials: In this experimental study (case series), thirteen patients (11 male & 2 female) with oroantral communications, which either developed following the extraction of maxillary posterior teeth or odontogenic cyst removal, with an average age of 34.06 (24-52 years old), were treated with a pedicled buccal fat pad graft. Surgeries were performed under local or generalized anesthesia. All of patients were evaluated for maxillary sinus infection before and 6 months after surgery with Water's radiography. Clinical repair of wound was evaluated at the first and the second week and 6 months after the operation.Results: Oroantral communication was treated successfully in all patients. Only one patient complained trom pain and nasal obstructions six months following surgery.Conclusion: Pedicled buccal fat pad graft can be successfully used for closure of oroantral communication.